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}} Macedonian (; , tr. ''makedonski jazik'', ) is a South Slavic language, spoken as a first language by around two million people, principally in Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia. It is the official language of Macedonia and an official minority language in parts of Albania, Romania and Serbia. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1945 and has since developed a modern literature. Most of the codification was formalized during the same period.〔Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'', Vol. 131, pp. 31-57〕〔 Macedonian dialects form a continuum with Bulgarian dialects; they in turn form a broader continuum with Serbo-Croatian through the transitional Torlakian dialects. The name of the Macedonian language is a matter of political controversy in Greece and Bulgaria〔Mirjana N. Dedaić, Mirjana Misković-Luković. ''South Slavic discourse particles'' (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010), p. 13〕 as is its distinctiveness compared to Bulgarian in Bulgaria.〔Victor Roudometof. ''Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), p. 41〕〔(Language profile Macedonian ), UCLA International Institute〕 ==Classification and related languages== The modern Macedonian language belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic. Macedonian's closest relative is Bulgarian, with which it has a high degree of mutual intelligibility.〔 The next closest relative is Serbo-Croatian. Language contact between Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian reached its height during Yugoslav times, when most Macedonians learned Serbo-Croatian as a compulsory language of education and knew and used Serbian (or "pseudo-Serbian", i.e. a mixture of Serbian and Macedonian). All South Slavic languages, including Macedonian, form a dialect continuum.〔 Macedonian, along with Bulgarian and Torlakian (transitional varieties of Serbo-Croatian), is also a part of the Balkan sprachbund, a group of languages that share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on geographical convergence, rather than genetic proximity. Its other principal members are Romanian, Greek and Albanian, all of which belong to different genetic branches of the Indo-European family (Romanian is a Romance language, whereas Greek and Albanian comprise separate branches). Macedonian and Bulgarian are sharply divergent from the remaining South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, and indeed all other Slavic languages, in that they do not use noun cases (except for the vocative, and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout the languages) and have lost the infinitive. They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have a set of three based on an external frame of reference: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Bulgarian and Macedonian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the narrative mood. Prior to the codification of the standard language (Standard Macedonian), Macedonian dialects were described by linguists as being either dialects of Bulgarian〔Mazon, André. ''Contes slaves de la Macédoine sud-occidentale : Étude linguistique ; textes et traduction'' ; Notes de folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.〕〔Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.〕〔K. Sandfeld, ''Balkanfilologien'' (København, 1926, MCMXXVI).〕 or Serbian.〔James Minahan. ''One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups'', p.438 (Greenwood Press, 2000)〕〔Bernard Comrie. ''The Slavonic Languages'', p.251 (Routledge, 1993).〕 Similarly, Torlakian was also widely regarded as Bulgarian. The boundaries between the South Slavic languages had yet to be "conceptualized in modern terms,"〔Joseph, Brian D. et al. When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Competition and Coexistence; Ohio State University Press (2002), p.261〕 and codifiers of Serbian even found it necessary to argue that Bulgarian was not a Serbian dialect as late as 1822.〔 On the other hand, many Macedonian intellectuals maintained that their language "was neither a dialect of Serbian nor of Bulgarian, but a language in its own right".〔Max K. Adler. Marxist Linguistic Theory and Communist Practice: A Sociolinguistic Study; Buske Verlag (1980), p.215〕 Prior to the standardization of Macedonian, a number of linguists, among them Antoine Meillet,〔''Antoine Meillet (French, linguist, 1928): Their dialects, differing among themselves, are not truly Serbian nor truly Bulgarian, especially if one is thinking of written Bulgarian, which is based on dialects quite far removed from the Macedonian dialects. In reality these dialects do not properly belong to either the one or the other of the two groups under dispute.'' 1. Todor Dimitrovski, Blaže Koneski, Trajko Stamatoski. About the Macedonian language; "Krste Misirkov" Institute of the Macedonian Language, 1978; p.31. 2. Kulturen Život. Macedonian Review, Volume 10; Kulturen Zhivot., 1980; p.105〕 André Vaillant,〔Vaillant, André (1938), ''"Le Problème du slave macédonien'', Bulletin de la Société linguistique, 39, 2(# 116): 194–210, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), ''The Earliest Stage of Language Planning'', New York, p. 164.〕 Mieczysław Małecki,〔Małecki, M. (1938), ''Z zagadnień dialektologii macedońskiej'', Rocznik slawistyczny, 14: 119–144, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), ''The Earliest Stage of Language Planning'', New York, p. 164.〕 and Samuil Bernstein,〔"Несмотря на значительное диаметральное разнообразие, македонские говоры представляют собою единство и заметно отличаются от народных говоров Фракии, Родоп, Мизии и Балкан" . Berstein, S. (1938), ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', no. 36, p. 743, cited in Bernstein (1944), ''Несколько замечаний о македонском литературном языке'' (remarks on the Macedonian literary language ).〕 also considered Macedonian dialects as comprising an independent language distinct from both Bulgarian and Serbian. Some linguists, especially in Bulgaria, still consider Macedonian a variety or dialect of Bulgarian,〔 ''"Macedonian is similar to Bulgarian and is sometimes been regarded as a variety of that language. () Macedonian is spoken by about 200,000 people in Bulgaria, where it is viewed as a dialect of Bulgaria, and also in the province of Macedonia in northern Greece where the language is called Slavika. However, in the Republic of Macedonia, a separate Macedonian literary language has been in existence since 1944, and most scholars now accept Macedonian as a separate language. The Macedonian standard language is based on a difference group of dialects from the Bulgarian ()."''〕〔R.E.Asher, J.M.Y.Simpson (editors), ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', (1994), vol.1, p.429: "From a strictly linguistic point of view Macedonian can be called a Bulgarian dialect, as structurally it is most similar to Bulgarian. Indeed, Bulgarian scholars reject Macedonian as an individual language, but since it now has the status of a literary language, most other scholars accept its independent existence."〕〔Linguasphere 53-AAA-h〕 but this view is politically controversial:〔 Modern questions of classification are largely shaped by political and social factors. Structurally, Macedonian, Bulgarian and southeastern forms of Serbo-Croatian (Torlakian) form a dialectical continuum that is a legacy of the linguistic developments during the height of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools.〔Florin Curta. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages; 500-1250. ; Cambridge. Pg 216〕 Although it has been claimed that Standard Macedonian was codified on the base of those dialects (i.e. the Prilep-Bitola dialect) most unlike Bulgarian, this interpretation stems from the works of Krste Misirkov, who suggested that Standard Macedonian should abstract on those dialects "most distinct from the standards of the other Slavonic languages".〔Dedaić, Mirjana N. et al. South Slavic Discourse Particles; John Benjamins Publishing (2010) p.13〕 Likewise, this view does not take into account the fact that a Macedonian koiné language was already in existence.〔Bernard Comrie. The Slavonic Languages; Taylor & Francis (2002), p.251〕 The codifiers ultimately chose the same dialects, but did so because they were "most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers of other dialects."〔John Shea. Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation; McFarland (2008), p.208〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「macedonian language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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